For investors, there are multiple entry points along the entire value chain:

• Upstream Mining Firms

These are the companies directly involved in exploring for, extracting, and processing the raw materials (e.g., copper mining companies, lithium producers).

• Downstream Manufacturers

This includes companies that use these materials to build essential components, such as battery manufacturers for EVs and energy storage.

• Technology & Infrastructure Providers

Companies developing charging networks for electric vehicles, or those creating new recycling technologies for these metals, also play a vital role.